Trigonometric relationships , Transistor circuits and characteristics and Transistor testing.

By -

Trigonometric relationships

image

image

Transistor circuits and characteristics

image

Wavelength-frequency conversion table

Metres to Kilohertz

image

image

Transistor testing

Although the following table cannot be used to accurately find the characteristics of an unknown transistor, if it is stepped through it will indicate whether the transistor is good or bad. Use of a meter with a 100 times resistance scale is assumed, which does not have a high current output.

image

Radio interference

The Radio Investigation Service of the Department of Trade and lndu.stry now devotes its efforts against those operating radio transmitters without a licence ('pirates') and those who abuse the terms and conditions of the licence. Far less time is spent investigating complaints of interference by owners of domestic radio and electronic equipment, which is prone to pick up interference because of unsuitable internal circuit screening, poor quality design, inadequate maintenance, improper tuning and, with TV, the lack of a suitable high gain outside aerial. British Standard BS905 now provides minimum immunity standards for TV sets and will be incorporated into legislation making it an offence to manufacture. sell, hire or import TV receivers which do not comply with this standard.

Owners of TV sets, radios and other domestic equipment are expected to deal with interference problems themselves, with the assistance of the dealer, hire company or manufacturer, aided by a booklet issued by the Department of Trade and Industry and available from Post Offices.

If the DTI Radio Interference Service is called out there will be a 'call-out' fee of £21. A log detailing the interference must be provided. If this is not available or if the TV set operates from an indoor aerial the RIS will not cooperate. From 1987 the RIS will only investigate if the dealer or hirer declares that he cannot deal with the problem.

Astronomical data

image

Resistivities of selected metals and alloys

image

image

image

 

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Square wave oscillators and Op-amp square wave oscillator.

By -
Image
Square wave oscillators If Fourier analysis is performed on a square wave it is found that the waveform is composed of many harmonics of the fundamental frequency. This rich harmonic content makes the square wave particularly useful as a quick test of amplifier performance. Examples of possible results are shown. The simplest way to produce a square wave is to make a sine wave oscillator in one of the ways described earlier, then feed the output to some form of squaring circuit such as a Schmitt trigger. This is the method adopted in most commercial sine/square wave generators. There are, however, several circuits for square wave oscillators and a description of the most common follows. Multivibrator Technically the multivibrator is a relaxation oscillator, working on the charging of a capacitor through a resistor. If a negative edge is applied to the circuit in (a), transistor TR 1 turns off the for time taken for the base voltage to return to 0 V. If the voltage step is
Read more

Timing Description Languages:SDF

By -
Image
SDF Standard Delay Format (SDF) is an ASCII format used to convey timing information between EDA tools. SDF was first developed by Cadence in 1990. Open Verilog International (OVI) approved SDF version 2 in 1993 and SDF version 2.1 and 3 in the following years. Improving SDF version 3 features, resulted in IEEE Standard 1497 [1]. Role of SDF in Design Process SDF can be used in different levels of a design process to annotate timing specifications, including timing data and constraints. Timing constraints are used during the forward-annotation process while timing data are applied during the back-annotation process. Forward-annotation process deals with porting timing constraints to synthesis, floorplanner, layout, and routing tools to meet the required constraints. During the design process, timing data can be back-annotated to analysis tools (including simulators, static timing analysis tools, etc.) to provide more accurate timing representations. SDF Structure An SDF f
Read more

Adders:Carry Look-Ahead Adder.

By -
Image
Carry Look-Ahead Adder As previously stated, the carry, c i +1, produced at the i -th position is calculated as c i +1 = x i · y i ∨ c i ·( x i ⊕ y i ). This means that a carry is generated if both x i and y i are 1, or an incoming carry is propagated if one of x i and y i is 1 and the other is 0. Therefore, letting g i denote x i y i , we have c i +1 = g i ∨ c i p i , where p i = x i ⊕ y i . Here, g i is the formula for the carry generation condition at the i -th position, i.e., when g i is 1, a carry is generated at this position. Substituting g i –1 ∨ p i –1 c i –1 for c i , we get A carry look-ahead adder can be realized according to this expression, as illustrated in Figure 41.10 for the case of four bits [21]. According to this expression, c i +1’s are calculated at all positions in parallel. It is hard to realize an n -bit carry look-ahead adder precisely according to this expression, unless n is small, because maximum fan-in and fan-out restriction is violated at higher
Read more