Radio communications symbols ,Logic elements and Frequency spectrum symbols.

By -

Radio communications symbols

image

image

Logic elements

Where two symbols are shown for a logic element, the second symbol is not recognised in B.S. 3939

image

image

image

Block diagram symbols

image

image

Frequency spectrum symbols

image

 

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION

By -
HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION During the past two decades, the electronics industry has grown very fast both in size and in complexity. Designers began talking about chip design only 25 years ago. At the beginning, the idea was to design chips to reduce the computer size. Instead of room-sized computers, we have now ended up with PCs running at a speed that back then was considered “impossible to imagine.” The application of IC technology has exploded into many parts of our lives. IC layout design was originally hand-drafted on special paper called Mylar. This was a long and laborious task. The market demands and advances in technology brought about an immediate need to develop software and hardware solutions to improve the time-to-market of the chip designs and especially to automate the entire process. Accuracy of the final masks was also a driving force in the computerization of layout design. The first platforms were custom built to ensure that graphics applications ran quickly and...
Read more

CMOS/BiCMOS Technology:BiCMOS Technology.

By -
Image
BiCMOS Technology Development of BiCMOS technology began in the early 1980s. In general, bipolar devices are attractive because of their high speed, better gain, better driving capability, and low wide-band noise properties that allow high-quality analog performance. CMOS is particularly attractive for digital applications because of its low power and high packing density. Thus the combination would not only lead to the replacement and improvement of existing ICs but would also provide access to completely new circuits. Figure 2.25 shows a typical BiCMOS structure [112]. Generally, BiCMOS has vertical npn bipolar junction transistor, lateral pnp transistor, and CMOS on the same chip. Furthermore, if additional mask steps are allowed, passive devices are integrated, as described in the previous section. The main feature of the BiCMOS structure is the existence of a buried layer because bipolar processes require an epitaxial layer grown on a heavily doped n+ subcollector to reduce co...
Read more

Internet-Based Micro-Electronic Design Automation (IMEDA) Framework:Execution Environment of the Framework

By -
Image
Execution Environment of the Framework Figure 75.7 illustrates the architecture of our proposed system, which applies the theory developed in the previous section. Decisions to select or invoke tools are split between the designers and a set of manager programs, where manager programs are making the routine decisions and the designers make decisions that requires higher-level thinking. A program called Cockpit coordinates the inter- action among manager programs and the designers. Tool sets and methodology preferences will differ among sites and over time. Therefore, our assumption is that each unit designates a person (or group) to act as system integrator, who writes and maintains the tool-dependent code in the system. We provide the tool-independent code and template to simplify the task of writing tool- dependent code. The Cockpit Program The designer interacts with Cockpit, a program which keeps track of the current process flow graph and informs the designer of possible act...
Read more